Grade 3

History and Geography: World History and Geography

I. WORLD GEOGRAPHY

A. SPATIAL SENSE (Working with Maps, Globes, and other

Geographic Tools)

·Name your continent, country, state and community.

·Understand that maps have keys or legends with symbols and their uses.

·Find directions on a map: east, west, north and south.

·Identify major oceans: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian and Arctic.

·The seven continents: Asia, Europe, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, and Australia.

·Locate: Canada, United States, Mexico, and Central America.

·Locate: the Equator, Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere, North and South Poles.

·Measure straight-line distances using a bar scale.

·Use an atlas and, if available, on-line sources to find geographic information.

B. GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS AND FEATURES

· Boundary, channel, delta, isthmus, plateau, reservoir, strait

C. CANADA

· Locate in relation to United States.

· French and British heritage, French-speaking Quebec

· Rocky Mountains.

· Hudson Bay, St. Lawrence River, and Yukon River

· Divided into provinces

· Major cities, including Montreal, Quebec and Toronto

D. IMPORTANT RIVERS OF THE WORLD

· Terms: source, mouth, tributary, drainage basin

· Asia: Ob, Yellow (Huang He), Yangtze (Chang Jiang), Ganges, Indus

· Africa: Nile, Niger, Zaire, Congo

· South America: Amazon, Paraná, Orinoco

· North America: Mississippi and major tributaries, Mackenzie, Yukon

· Australia: Murray-Darling

· Europe: Volga, Danube, Rhine

II. ANCIENT ROME

A. GEOGRAPHY OF THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION

·Mediterranean Sea, Aegean Sea, Adriatic Sea

·Greece, Italy (peninsula), France, Spain

·Strait of Gibraltar, Atlantic Ocean

·North Africa, Asia Minor (peninsula), Turkey

·Bosporus (strait), Black Sea, Istanbul (Constantinople)

·Red Sea, Persian Gulf, Indian Ocean

B. BACKGROUND

· Define B.C. / A.D. and B.C.E. / C.E.

· The legend of Romulus and Remus

· Latin as the language of Rome

· Worship of gods and goddesses, largely based on Greek religion

· The Republic: Senate, Patricians, Plebeians

· Punic Wars: Carthage, Hannibal

C. THE EMPIRE

· Julius Caesar

o Defeats Pompey in civil war, becomes dictator

o “Veni, vidi, vici” (“I came, I saw, I conquered”)

o Cleopatra of Egypt

o Caesar assassinated in the Senate, Brutus

· Augustus Caesar

· Life in the Roman Empire

o The Forum: temples, marketplaces, etc.

o The Colosseum: circuses, gladiator combat, chariot races

o Roads, bridges, aqueducts

· Eruption of Mt. Vesuvius, destruction of Pompeii

· Persecution of Christians

D. THE “DECLINE AND FALL” OF ROME

· Weak and corrupt emperors, legend of Nero fiddling as Rome burns

· Civil Wars

· City of Rome sacked

E. THE EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE: BYZANTINE CIVILIZATION

· The rise of the Eastern Roman Empire, known as the Byzantine Empire

· Constantine, first Christian emperor

· Constantinople (now called Istanbul) merges diverse influences and cultures

· Justinian, Justinian’s Code

II. THE VIKINGS

· From area now called Scandinavia (Sweden, Denmark, Norway)

· Also called Norsemen, they were skilled sailors and shipbuilders

· Traders, and sometimes raiders, of the European coast

· Eric the Red and Leif Ericson (Leif “the Lucky”)

· Earliest Europeans (long before Columbus) we know of to come to North America.

o Locate: Greenland, Canada, Newfoundland

History and Geography: American History and Geography

I. THE EARLIEST AMERICANS

A. CROSSING THE LAND BRIDGE

·During the Ice Age, nomadic hunters cross what was a land bridge from Asia to North America (now the Bering Strait). Different peoples, with different languages and ways of life, eventually spread out over North and South American continents. These early peoples include:

o Inuits (Eskimos)

o Anasazi, pueblo builders and cliff dwellers

o Mound builders

B. NATIVE AMERICANS

· In the southwest

o Pueblos (Hopi, Zuni)

o Diné (Navajo)

o Apaches

· Eastern Woodland Indians

o Woodland culture: wigwams, longhouses, farming, peace pipe, Shaman and Sachem

o Major tribes and nations (such as Cherokee Confederacy, Seminole, Powhatan, Delaware, Susquehanna, Mohican, Massachusetts, Iroquois Confederacy)

II. EARLY EXPLORATION OF NORTH AMERICA

A. EARLY SPANISH EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT

·Settlement of Florida

·Ponce de Leon, legend of the Fountain of Youth

·Hernando de Soto

·Founding of St. Augustine (oldest continuous European settlement in what is now the U.S.)

·Geography: Caribbean Sea, West Indies, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Gulf of Mexico, Mississippi River

A. EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT OF THE AMERICAN

SOUTHWEST

· Early Spanish explorers in the lands that are now the states of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona and California: missionary settlements (missions), especially in Texas and California

· Coronado and the legend of the “Seven Cities of Cíbola” (of Gold)

· Geography: Grand Canyon and Rio Grande

· Conflicts with Pueblo Indians (1680 revolt led by Popé)

C. THE SEARCH FOR THE NORTHWEST PASSAGE

· Many explorers undertook the perilous, sometimes fatal, voyage to find a

short cut across North America to Asia, including:

o John Cabot: Newfoundland

o Champlain: “New France” and Quebec

o Henry Hudson: the Hudson River

· Geography

o “New France” and Quebec

o Canada, St. Lawrence River

o The Great Lakes: Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, Ontario

III. THE THIRTEEN COLONIES: LIFE AND TIMES BEFORE THE

REVOLUTION

A. GEOGRAPHY

·The thirteen colonies by region: New England, Middle Atlantic, Southern

·Differences in climate from north to south: corresponding differences in agriculture (subsistence farming in New England, gradual development of large plantations in the South)

·Important cities in the development of trade and government: Philadelphia, Boston, New York, Charleston

B. SOUTHERN COLONIES

· Southern Colonies: Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia

· Virginia

o Chesapeake Bay, James River

o 1607: three ships of the London Company (later called the Virginia Company) arrive in Virginia seeking gold and other riches

o Establishment of Jamestown, first continuous English colony in the New World.

o Trade with Powhatan Indians

o John Smith

o Pocahontas, marriage to John Rolfe

o Diseases kill many people, both colonists and Indians

o The Starving Time

o Clashes between American Indians and English colonists

o Development of tobacco as a cash crop, development of plantations

o 1619: slaves brought to Virginia

· Maryland

o A colony established mainly for Catholics

o Lord Baltimore

· South Carolina

o Charleston

o Plantations (rice, indigo) and slave labor

· Georgia

o James Oglethorpe’s plan to establish a colony for English debtors

· Slavery in the Southern colonies

o Economic reasons that the Southern colonies came to rely on slavery (for example, slave labor on large plantations)

o The difference between indentured servant and slaves: slaves as property

o The Middle Passage

C. NEW ENGLAND COLONIES

· New England colonies: Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode

Island

· Gradual development of maritime economy: fishing and shipbuilding

· Massachusetts

o Colonists seeking religious freedom: in England, an official “established” church (the Church of England), which did not allow people to worship as they chose

o The Pilgrims

§ From England to Holland to Massachusetts

§ 1620: Voyage of the Mayflower

§ Significance of the Mayflower Compact

§ Plymouth, William Bradford

§ Helped by Wampanoag Indians: Massasoit, Tisquantum (Squanto)

o The Puritans

§ Massachusetts Bay Colony, Governor John Winthrop: “We shall be as a city upon a hill.”

§ Emphasis on reading and education, the New England Primer.

· Rhode Island

o Roger Williams: belief in religious toleration

o Anne Hutchinson

D. MIDDLE ATLANTIC COLONIES

· Middle Atlantic colonies: New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania

· New York

o Dutch settlements and trading posts in “New Netherland”

o Dutch West India Company acquires Manhattan Island and Long Island through a (probably misunderstood) purchase from the Indians; Dutch establishes New Amsterdam (today, New York City)

o English take over from the Dutch, and rename the colony New York

· Pennsylvania

o William Penn

o Society of friends, “Quakers”

o Philadelphia